英文寫作:作文邏輯不通?小心你的字句與語意連貫性

英文寫作強調文字和文意上的連貫,包括字句連貫 (cohesion) 以及語意邏輯連貫 (coherence),也就是說句子和段落之間的詞彙及主題都必須環環相扣。


同學們在學習進階英文寫作時,需要多留意這些準則,寫出來的文章才能符合字句連貫 (cohesion) 及語意連貫 (coherence) 兩大原則。

寫作邏輯不連貫?注意兩大要點

Coherence 一般來說是指將論點與想法合邏輯地安排。從語意的觀點來看,欲寫出思路清晰、邏輯連貫 (coherent) 的文章,需要注意兩大重點:


 1. 主題一致 (unity) 整篇文章所傳達的意念需要有一致性,將相同主題的句子放在同一段落。


2. 承先啟後 (logical order and transitions) 有系統地和有邏輯地提出論點。在說明論點方面,要按部就班地說明,藉此作者對於自己論點提出足夠的支持理由,使讀者有足夠的資訊來理解作者的想法,如此一來也可使作者的論點更具有說服力和邏輯性。


先介紹主題 (topic sentence),然後循序漸進地鋪陳 (major support),最後以最新資訊作結 (details and / or exemplification)。


Cohesion 簡單來說是指用有相關性的單字的語言來串連句子、段落與文章使讀者在易於理解前後文。指標詞(signposts and linking words) 可以加強語意連貫 (cohesion): 


1. 主要指標詞:示意文章中的目的,結構,作者的立場,主要觀點,爭論的方向,和結論。 

2. 關聯詞和片語:呈現出句子和句子與段落和段落的連結(Cohesion 的詳細說明)。 


一些主要指標詞:


  • The aim of this study is to ....
  • The purpose of this thesis is to ....
  • This essay argues that ....
  • The main questions addressed in this paper are ....
  • This essay critically examines ....
  • This chapter reviews the literature ....
  • In conclusion, ....


一些關聯詞:


  • Indicating order:

First (ly), ... / Second(ly), ... / Finally, ... /


  • Indicating addition or similarity:

also, ... / additionally, ... / furthermore, ... / similarly, ...


  • Indicating contrast:

however, ... / nevertheless, ... / on the other hand, ... /


  • Giving a reason:

for this reason, ... / because ... / because of ... / due to ...


  • Indicating result or consequence:

therefore, ... / thus, ... / as a result, ... / consequently, ...


  • Reformulating an idea:

in other words, ... / to put it simply, ... / that is ...


  • Exemplifying:

for example, ... / for instance, ... / to exemplify, ...

達到語意、字句一致的連貫性

要讓一段文字的字句有連貫性 (cohesive) 可透過以下方式:


1. 重複 (repetition):可以在第二句再重複前一句所用過的字彙。

2. 同義字 (synonym):若不想直接重複字彙,也可以用同義字來代表你想重複單字或其概念。

3. 對稱構句 (parallelism):重複句子的結構。這個技巧雖是最基本的,但也是製造cohesion的有效的方法之一。

4. 連接詞 (conjunctions and transitions):使用適當的連接詞或副詞使句子符合邏輯地串聯在一起。


一段文字可能符合字句上的連貫性 (cohesion) 但不符合語意邏輯上的連貫性(coherence)。文章中要達到 cohesion,在句與句之間必須字彙上主題要有相關,而 coherence 是要達到語意上邏輯上的一致性或相關性。


1. 有字句連貫(cohesion)及語意連貫 (coherence)


"My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes me. I often go outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear blue sky when I am stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is blue."


Cohesive AND coherent: blue --> calming and relaxing --> clear blue sky --> reduces stress --> blue. 


這個句既有字句連貫(cohesion)及語意連貫(coherence)。


2. 有達到字句連貫(cohesion)但不符合語意連貫(coherence)


"My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars go very fast. Driving in this way is dangerous and can cause many car crashes. I had a car accident once and broke my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in Europe because of the injury."


Cohesive NOT coherent: blue --> sports car --> fast driving --> car crashes --> broken Leg --> very sad --> miss holiday in Europe 


如你所見,這段文字間具有相關性 (cohesion),但當這些句子放在同一個段落中卻無法構成意義。文字一開始說明我喜歡藍色但卻以歐洲的旅行作結,語意上的不連貫導致理解困難。


3. 有達到語意連貫(coherence)但不具有字句連貫(cohesion)


"My favorite color is blue. I'm calm and relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass and look up."


Coherent NOT cohesive: blue | calm and relaxed | looking up 


這段文字語意邏輯上符合一貫性,但缺乏足夠的連接用語 (connector) 把想法串連起來導致整個段落缺乏cohesion,也會造成理解困難。


字句連貫 (cohesion) 和語意連貫 (coherence) 的教學影片



Unity, Coherence, Cohesion

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資料來源:

iasj

cavesbooks

criticism

encyclo

uwb.edu

slideshare

uni-saarland

學術寫作資源 (Writing Resources)



封面圖片來源:pexels